Basics

Linux ls command

List files and folders. Add flags to show hidden files and details.

Availability: Common Linux commands; shell built-ins and external implementations may differ by distribution.中文

Syntax

ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Examples

Show hidden entries and readable file sizes in long format.

ls -lah /var/log

Sort by newest modification time using an ISO-like date format.

ls -lt --time-style=long-iso

Parameters, options and clauses

Option / clause	Description
`-a, --all`	Include names beginning with a dot.
`-A, --almost-all`	Include hidden names, except . and ...
`-l`	Use a long listing with permissions, owner, size and time.
`-h, --human-readable`	With -l, show sizes in readable units.
`-R, --recursive`	List subdirectories recursively.
`-t`	Sort by modification time, newest first.
`-r, --reverse`	Reverse the selected sort order.
`-S`	Sort by file size, largest first.
`-d, --directory`	List directories themselves, not their contents.
`-F, --classify`	Append a type marker such as / to directories.
`--color[=WHEN]`	Control coloured output: always, never or auto.
`--time-style=STYLE`	Choose the timestamp format in long listings.

Safety note

Review a command and its target before running it. Commands that alter files, services, accounts, disks, permissions or databases may be difficult to reverse. Test in a safe environment and keep backups.

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